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César Franck
1822 - 1890

César Auguste Jean Guillaume Hubert Franck wurde am 10.12.1822 in Lüttich, Belgien, geboren. Seine Mutter stammte aus Aachen, sein Vater aus einem Grenzdorf des Dreiländerecks.
Die erste musikalische Bildung erlangte Franck in Belgien. Hier trat er auch schon in jungen Jahren als Pianist auf. Der Umzug seiner Familie nach Paris ermöglichte es ihm, Unterricht bei Anton Reicha zu nehmen und 1837 in das Pariser Konservatorium einzutreten, das er bis 1842 besuchte.
Als Student stach er ganz besonders durch sein hervorragendes Klavierspiel hervor, weniger durch seine Kompositionen.
Ab 1846 wirkte Franck an verschiedenen Pariser Kirchen als Organist und bekam zwei Jahre später eine Anstellung als Titularorganist in St. Clothilde, ein Amt, das er bis zu seinem Tode bekleidete. Hier begann er auch, die Orgel in den Mittelpunkt seiner Kompositionen zu stellen. Mit seinen Werken wurde Franck Mitbegründer einer neuen französischen Schule, die sich besonders durch ihren polyphonen Stil auszeichnete.
1871 war er Mitbegründer der Société Nationale de Musique, wenig später wurde er Präsident der Vereinigung. 1872 wurde er als Professor für Orgel an das Pariser Konservatorium berufen. Dort prägte er Schüler wie Vincent d'Indy, Ernest Chausson und Henri Duparc und damit eine Generation großer französischer Komponisten und Musiker.
1890 erlitt Franck einen schweren Unfall, bei dem er von einer Pferdekutsche angefahren wurde und von dem er sich nicht mehr erholte. Nur wenige Monate später starb er an den Folgen dieses Unfalls am 8.November 1890 in Paris.
César Franck gilt bis heute als einer der bedeutendsten französischen Komponisten, Lehrer und Organisten der zweiten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts. Seine bekanntesten Kompositionen verfasste er im letzten Jahrzehnts seines Lebens; Popularität erlangten sie allerdings erst nach seinem Tod.
Zu ihnen gehören sechs Stücke für große Orgel, eine Sonate für Klavier und Violine, drei sinfonische Dichtungen und seine Sinfonie in D-Moll. Sie bilden einen starken Kontrast zur Opernmusik seiner Zeit.


Sinfonie in d-Moll

Die Sinfonie in d-Moll wurde zwischen 1886 und 1888 komponiert und gehört zu den populärsten Werken von Franck. Dadurch, dass Franck in jedem Teil der Sinfonie Themen und Motive aus den vorangegangenen Sätzen verwendet, erweckt sie einen besonderen Eindruck von Einheit und eines in sich geschlossenen Zyklus'.
Das Werk besteht aus drei Sätzen.
Franck bemüht sich um eine Vermittlung und Verbindung von traditioneller und romantischer Form. Bereits der Beginn des 1.Satzes (Lento) weist schon im ersten Takt eine Remineszenz an Beethovens „Muß es sein“-Motto auf. Es folgt das Allegro non troppo, bestimmt von kurzen Motiven, und endet in der Wiederholung der Einleitung, die wieder ins Allegro mündet.
Der 2. Satz der Sinfonie (Allegretto) wird bestimmt durch ostinate Streicherpizzicati, unterstützt von der Harfe. Sie bilden das Grundgerüst für die wunderschöne, liedhafte Englisch-Horn-Melodie, die sich durch den ganzen Satz zieht. Auch der formale Aufbau dieses Satzes erinnert an Beethovens 7. Sinfonie. Das Allegretto steht hier anstelle der eigentlich für Sinfonien typischen Sätze Scherzo und Andante.
Der 3. Satz (Finale) beginnt nach einem kurzen Vorspiel mit dem Hauptthema, das von Teilen der Bassgruppe vorgestellt wird. Im weiteren Verlauf des Finales greift Franck immer wieder Motive aus den beiden vorhergehenden Sätzen auf und schlägt damit einen Bogen zurück zum Anfang der Sinfonie.

Johanna Heesch