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Aram Chatschaturjan
1903 - 1978

Neben Sergej Prokofjew und Dimitri Schostakowitsch gehört Aram Chatschaturjan zu den einflussreichsten sowjetischen Komponisten. Jedoch öffnete sich Chatschaturjan am meisten der Folklore seiner Heimat, wobei zugleich immer westliche Einflüsse vorhanden waren. Diese Mischung trägt wohl zum Erfolg seiner meist sehr temperamentvollen und leidenschaftlichen Werke bei.

Als Sohn eines Buchbinders wuchs Chatschaturjan in Tiflis auf. Als Schüler spielte er Tenorhorn und setzte sich früh mit der transkaukasischen Musik auseinander, die ihn in seiner Heimat umgab. 1922 ging Chatschaturjan nach Moskau, um dort Biologie zu studieren. Jedoch wechselte er schon nach kurzer Zeit an das Musikpädagogische Institut Gnessin, wo er sich für Cello einschrieb. Nach drei Jahren wechselte er in die Kompositionsklasse und nur ein Jahr später ging bereits seine erste Komposition in Druck. Chatschaturjan führte sein Studium am Moskauer Konservatorium fort, wo er es 1933 beendete.

Seine Diplomarbeit von 1934 war zugleich sein erstes großes Werk – die 1. Sinfonie. International konnte sich Chatschaturjan 1937 mit seinem Klavierkonzert einen Namen machen. Sein Bekanntheitsgrad steigerte sich 1940 noch mit seinem Violinkonzert, welches er für David Oistrach schrieb. Berühmt machte ihn außerdem das Ballett „Gayaneh“, das den Säbeltanz beinhaltet – sein wohl berühmtestes Werk, das durch den Film „Eins, Zwei, Drei“ von Billy Wilder allgemeine Bekanntheit erhielt.

Während der Stalin-Ära war Chatschaturjan ein linientreuer Anhänger Stalins, was sich auch in seinen zahlreichen Propagandawerken ausdrückt, beispielsweise in der „Ode an Stalin“. Nach dem Tod Stalins fiel seine Musik, ebenso wie die von Prokofjew und Schostakowitsch, unter die Zensur der sowjetischen Kulturpolitik. Dies führte zu einer längeren Schaffenskrise, die Chatschaturjan erst 1956 mit dem Ballett „Spartakus“ überwinden konnte. Zwei Jahre später wurde er offiziell rehabilitiert und erhielt zahlreiche Auszeichnungen, sowie Ämter, die es ihm ermöglichten als Dirigent ins Ausland zu reisen.


Maskerade-Suite

Aram Chatschaturjan erhielt 1939 den Auftrag, die Bühnenmusik zu dem Schauspiel „Maskerade“ von Michael Lermontow zu schreiben. Das Werk wurde so erfolgreich, dass er sich 1945 entschloss, fünf Stücke daraus zu einer konzertanten Orchestersuite zusammenzustellen. Dies sind der Walzer, ein Nocturno, eine Mazurka, eine Romanze und abschließend der Galopp. Die Schauspielmusik sollte die Stimmung und das Milieu von St. Petersburg zur Zeit des Zaren untermalen. Chatschaturjan setzte dies um, indem er sich vor allem in den ersten vier Stücken an der klassischen russischen Musik von Tschaikowski orientierte.

In den Rahmensätzen sowie im Mittelsatz kommt eine große Schlagzeugbatterie zum Einsatz, welche die Grundlage für die vitale Rhythmik und den Charakter dieser Sätze darstellt. Die dazwischen liegenden langsamen Sätze bilden dazu einen großen Kontrast.

Dem schwunghaften Walzer folgt das Nocturno, in der eine Solovioline im Mittelpunkt steht, die eine ruhige, folkloristische Melodie vorträgt. Die folgende Mazurka ist trotz aller rhythmischen Kraft von einer Leichtigkeit geprägt, die den Eindruck tanzender Puppen hinterlässt. Im vierten Satz, der Romanze, wird von den tiefen Holzbläsern und Flöten ein warmer Klangteppich ausgebreitet, auf dem unterschiedliche Soloinstrumente und Instrumentengruppen ihre melancholischen Weisen vortragen. Hierbei zeigt sich die hohe Instrumentationskunst Chatschaturjans, die immer wieder schillernde Farben hervorbringt.

Der Galopp lässt das Orchester in einem atemlosen „Allegro vivo“ durch wechselnde musikalische Landschaften jagen. Diese sind mal durch rasante Tonrepetitionen im Blech, mal durch spitze Dissonanzen in den Holzbläsern geprägt. Nur ein Klarinettensolo in der zweiten Hälfte des Satzes erlaubt dem Reiter eine kurze Pause. Ab sofort nimmt die Flöte die Zügel wieder in die Hand und das Orchester bäumt sich auf zum furiosen Finale.