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Joseph Haydn
1732 - 1809

Der Komponist Joseph Haydn wurde am 31. März 1732 im österreichischen Rohrau geboren. Seine musikalische Begabung wurde entdeckt, als er ein kleines Kind war. Im Alter von fünf oder sechs Jahren wurde er 1737 zu Verwandten in das nahe gelegene Hainburg an der Donau geschickt, um als Chorsänger ausgebildet zu werden. Als Elfjähriger nahm man ihn als Chorknabe am Wiener Stephansdom auf, wegen des einsetzenden Stimmbruchs wurde er aber wenige Jahre später entlassen. In der darauf folgenden Zeit war er als Gelegenheitsmusiker und „Musikdiener“ tätig. Er bemühte sich, die Lücken in seiner Ausbildung zu füllen und schrieb schließlich seine ersten Streichquartette und seine erste Oper. Während dieser Zeit stieg Haydns professionelles Ansehen allmählich und man wurde bald auf ihn aufmerksam. Vermutlich 1757 erhielt Haydn seine erste wichtige Stelle als Musikdirektor des Grafen Karl von Morzin auf Schloss Lukavec bei Pilsen. Auf dieses Jahr datierte Haydn seine erste in Morzins Diensten komponierte Sinfonie. Als Musikdirektor dirigierte er ein kleines Orchester.

Graf Morzin litt bald darauf an finanziellen Schwierigkeiten, die ihn zwangen, seine musikalischen Unternehmungen aufzugeben, aber Haydn wurde schnell eine ähnliche Stelle (1761) als Vizekapellmeister der Familie Esterházy angeboten, einer der wohlhabendsten und wichtigsten in der Donaumonarchie. Als der alte Kapellmeister, Gregor Werner 1766 schließlich starb, wurde Haydn zum ersten Kapellmeister auf Schloß Esterháza am Neusiedler See befördert. Haydn hatte ein weites Feld an Verantwortlichkeiten, unter anderem Komposition, Leitung des Orchesters, Spielen von Kammermusik für und mit seinem Patron, und schließlich das Arrangieren von Opernproduktionen.

1760 heiratete Haydn. Er und seine Frau, geboren als Maria Anna Keller, kamen nicht gut miteinander aus. Maria Anna bekam keine Kinder, was Haydn sehr bedauerte. Ohne jegliche Beweise wird immer wieder spekuliert, er sei der Vater des Sohnes von Luigia Polzelli, einer Sängerin im Esterházy-Unternehmen, mit der Haydn eine längere Affäre hatte, gewesen. Um 1781 etablierte sich eine enge Freundschaft zwischen Haydn und Mozart, dessen Werk er schon über Jahre hinweg beeinflusst hatte. Die zwei Komponisten genossen es, in Streichquartetten zusammen zu spielen. Haydn war sehr von Mozarts Werk beeindruckt. Haydn gehörte auch der Freimaurerloge „Zur wahren Eintracht“ an, in die er 1785 aufgenommen wurde.

1790 kam Haydn das erste Mal den wiederholten Einladungen aus England nach. Er reiste nach London und wurde dort bald ein gefeierter Sinfoniker und Oratorienkomponist. Haydn überlegte eigentlich, englischer Bürger zu werden und sich dauerhaft niederzulassen, die Dinge nahmen aber einen anderen Verlauf. Er kehrte nach Wien zurück, ließ ein großes Haus für sich bauen und wendete sich der Komposition von großen geistlichen Werken für Chor und Orchester zu. Unter anderem entstanden die zwei großen Oratorien „Die Schöpfung“ und „Die Jahreszeiten“ sowie sechs Messen für die Esterházy-Familie, die zu dieser Zeit wieder von einem musikalisch geneigten Prinz geführt wurde. Es folgten das „Kaiserquartett“, das „Quintenquartett“ und das Quartett „Der Sonnenaufgang“. Haydns kompositorisches Schaffen umfaßt unter anderem mindestens 108 Sinfonien, 68 Streichquartette, etwa 50 Klavierwerke und 24 Opern. Joseph Haydn starb am 31. Mai 1809 in Wien.


Konzert für Violine und Orchester in G-dur, Hob VIIa:4

Eines seiner bekanntesten Konzerte ist wohl das G-dur Violinkonzert, welches im Jahre 1769 entstand. Es hat im Original eine Besetzung von zwei Violinen, Viola, Bass und der Solo-Violine. In dieser Zeit war Haydn gerade Kapellmeister auf Schloss Esterhazy geworden und begann, sein Talent in vollen Zügen auszuleben. Das kommt vielleicht auch in diesem Konzert zum Ausdruck, welches den typisch spritzig-frischen und dennoch höfischen Stil der Wiener Klassik wiedergibt.

Der erste Satz ist ein Allegro moderato, gefolgt vom Adagio und dem Allegro des dritten Satzes.