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Erik Satie
1906 - 1925

Der Komponist Alfred Erik Leslie Satie (ab ca. 1906 Erik Satie) wurde am 17. Mai 1866 als Sohn eines Musikverlegers 1866 in Honfleur, Frankreich, geboren. Mit dreizehn Jahren bestand er die Aufnahmeprüfung am Pariser Konservatorium, das er schon drei Jahre später verließ. 1887 ließ sich Satie in der Künstlerkolonie Montmartre nieder. Er fand seine Heimat in den Cafés und Kneipen der Bohème, in denen er als Pianist seinen Lebensunterhalt verdiente. Der vielseitige Einzelgänger, schon bald mit dem Beinamen „Monsieur le Pauvre“ (Herr Habenichts) versehen, war einer der Ersten, die populäre Musik nicht als unseriös abtaten.

Für die esoterischen Rosenkreuzer, deren Mitglied er war, komponierte er rituelle Musik wie z.B. die „Messe des Pauvres“. Fast vierzigjährig trat Satie in die Schola Cantorum ein. Zwischen 1912 und 1915 komponierte er zahlreiche Klavierstücke wie die „Prélude Flasques“.

Sein Einfallsreichtum und seine liebenswerte Ironie lassen sich schon an Titeln wie „Drei schlaffe Präludien für einen Hund“ oder „Drei ausgezeichnete Walzer von köstlicher Geschmacklosigkeit“ ablesen. Hierdurch war auch ein wichtiger Charakterzug Saties freigelegt: Die Fähigkeit, trotz der Ignoranz, Intoleranz und Kälte sowie des Unverständnisses, die ihm sowohl menschlich, als auch musikalisch entgegenschlugen, nicht zu verhärten, sich seine humane Wärme zu bewahren.

1916 komponierte Satie die Musik für das Ballett „Parade“, das in Zusammenarbeit mit Cocteau, Picasso, Massime und Ansermet uraufgeführt wurde. Durch die in diesem Ballett eingeführten Futurismen – Autohupen, Schreibmaschinengeklapper – wurde im Zusammenhang mit dessen Uraufführung erstmals durch Apollinaire der Begriff „sur réalisme“ gebraucht, der einer ganzen Kunstströmung seinen Namen gab und Satie zu einem der aufregendsten Komponisten des späten 19. Jahrhunderts machte.

Erik Satie starb am 1. Juli 1925 in Paris.


Gymnopédien

Die im Jahre 1888 von Satie komponierten Gymnopédien sind ziemlich bekannt. Ihre statischen, modalen Akkorde faszinierten Debussy, der zwei von ihnen orchestrierte, und Ravel kopierte diesen Stil in der vierten Nummer von Ma Mére l´Oye. Strawinsky, dessen Beeinflussung durch Satie erst später deutlicher werden sollte, ist in der ersten Variation der Sonate für zwei Klaviere der Gymnopédie Nr. 1 sehr nahe. Im Gegensatz zu Satie „klebt“ Strawinsky jedoch fast durchweg am selben Tonhöhenfeld, so dass der Harmoniewechsel nicht deutlich wird.

Satie hingegen wechselt acht Mal zwischen zwei Akkorden, bevor er sie verlässt, wobei ihr mesmerischer Effekt im Sarabandenrhythmus eine Atmosphäre schafft, die für den Rest des Stückes bestimmend bleibt. Auf diese Weise gab Satie einer extrem einfachen Form von Begleitmodellen, die denen der leichten Musik verwandt sind, eine neue Bedeutung.