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Ludwig van Beethoven
1770 - 1827

Ludwig v. Beethoven wurde Mitte Dezember 1770 als Sohn einer Musikerfamilie in Bonn geboren. Erste musikalische Förderung erhielt er von seinem Vater, der ihn schon früh in Konzerten auftreten ließ. Beethovens erstes Konzert als Pianist hatte er mit sieben Jahren in Köln. Sein Alter wurde von seinem Vater jedoch häufig um ein bis zwei Jahre niedriger angegeben, da er ihn vermutlich als „Wunderkind“ der Musikwelt vorstellen wollte.

Beethovens eigentlicher Lehrer und Förderer war aber Christian Neefe, der ihn ab 1779 nicht nur Klavierspiel, Generalbass und Komposition lehrte, sondern sich auch um Beethovens allgemeine Bildung bemühte. Neefe war es auch, der Beethoven vorschlug mit 17 Jahren für zwei Wochen nach Wien zu reisen, wo er wahrscheinlich auch mit Mozart zusammentraf und eventuell einige Unterrichtsstunden bei ihm nahm. 1793/94 nahm Beethoven u.a. Unterricht bei Joseph Haydn und Antonio Salieri. Im März 1795 schloss Beethoven seine Ausbildung ab und trat erstmals mit eigenen Kompositionen als Pianist auf. Als op. 1 gab er drei Klaviertrios heraus, deretwegen er sich mit Haydn zerstritt, da dieser seine Kompositionen als unfertig und wenig originell bezeichnete.

Im folgenden Jahr bemerkte Beethoven erstmals seine Gehörschwäche, die sich immer mehr verstärkte. Als er 1823 Schillers Ode „An die Freude“ als Schlusschor der 9. Sinfonie komponierte, war er so gut wie taub. Ein weiterer großer Dichter, von dem Beethoven zu mehreren Kompositionen inspiriert wurde, war Goethe. Zur ersten Begegnung zwischen den beiden kam es im Juli 1812. Goethes Eindruck von Beethoven beschrieb er in einem Brief an einen Freund folgendermaßen: „Beethoven habe ich in Töplitz kennen gelernt. Sein Talent hat mich in Erstaunen gesetzt, allein er ist leider eine ganz ungebändigte Persönlichkeit, die zwar gar nicht Unrecht hat, wenn sie die Welt detestabel findet, aber sie freylich dadurch weder für sich noch für andere genußreicher macht.“


Egmont-Ouvertüre, op. 84

Goethes Erzählung über Egmont schien den Komponisten sehr beeindruckt zu haben. In einem Brief an Goethe äußerte er sich geradezu schwärmerisch über die Egmont-Figur: „... diesen herrlichen Egmont, den ich, indem ich ihn ebenso warm, als ich ihn gelesen, wieder durch sie gedacht, gefühlt und in Musik gegeben habe ...“ – dies tat er mit der Egmont-Ouvertüre.

Egmont: Der Titelheld ist der niederländische Graf Egmont von Gaure, der 1566 zusammen mit anderen Mitgliedern des Adels einen Aufstand gegen die religiöse und politische Unterdrückung der Spanier anführt. Doch ein wirklich politischer Mensch ist Egmont nicht. Sein Auflehnen gegen die spanische Herrschaft entspringt vielmehr einem Unbehagen gegenüber der Einschränkung seiner persönlichen Freiheit. Egmonts Eigenschaften – Sorglosigkeit, Offenheit und Toleranz – führen jedoch letztlich dazu, dass er des Hochverrats bezichtigt, gefangen genommen und zum Tode verurteilt wird. Vergeblich versucht seine Geliebte Klärchen, die Bürger zum Aufstand und zur Befreiung Egmonts zu bewegen. Als sie begreift, dass eine Rettung unmöglich ist, vergiftet sie sich. In der letzten Szene erscheint sie Egmont jedoch im Traum als Allegorie der Freiheit und reicht ihm den Lorbeerkranz. Dadurch bekommt er die Kraft, mit Zuversicht und dem Wissen, dass Klärchen seine Werte teilt, dem Tod ins Auge zu sehen.